Tunable Electrochemical Sensors Based on Carbon Nanocomposite Materials towards Enhanced Determination of Cadmium, Lead and Copper in Water

Many carbon materials are well-known conductive materials, widely used in the fabrication of composite electrodes. In this work, diverse allotropic forms of carbon such as graphite, MWCNTs and rGO were tested. Furthermore, these materials allow the construction of cheaper, smaller, portable, reliable and easy-to-use devices, which can be easily modified. The above-mentioned composite electrodes were developed for metal analysis in water such as Cu, Cd and Pb that, at a high concentration, can have consequences on human health. SWASV is the selected technique. It would be ideal to exploit the potential properties of mercury for metal detection by tuning the electrode’s surface. Due to mercury’s hazardous properties and to reduce the amount of this substance used in polarography, the use of nanoparticles is a good option due to their properties. Mercury nanoparticles were used to modify the surface of the composite electrodes to improve electroanalytical sensor response. For this reason, using these modified composite electrodes can lower detection limits and widen the linear range that can be achieved for Cd (0.05–1 mg·L−1) and Pb (0.045–1 mg·L−1). However, for Cu (0.114–1.14 mg·L−1), meaningful variations were not observed compared to the bare electrode.