A single-dose pilot trial of intranasal rapid-acting insulin in apolipoprotein E4 carriers with mild-moderate Alzheimer's disease.

Introduction Intranasal (IN) insulin acutely improves verbal memory in mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but its therapeutic effects may be attenuated in apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) carriers. Furthermore, rapid-acting (RA) insulins may have superior therapeutic effects compared with regular insulin types.