Four-dimensional Flow MRI: Principles and Cardiovascular Applications

Four-dimensional (4D) flow MRI is a time-resolved volumetric cine sequence with three-directional velocity encoding that allows comprehensive blood flow pattern assessment and retrospective flow quantification through all planes across the volume with good accuracy. Recent advances in 4D flow MRI have shortened the times needed for imaging and dataset pre- and postprocessing, thereby improving feasibility in the clinical setting.