C‐terminal residues of activated protein C light chain contribute to its anticoagulant and cytoprotective activities

BACKGROUND: Activated protein C (APC) is an important homeostatic blood coagulation protease that conveys anticoagulant and cytoprotective activities. Proteolytic inactivation of factors Va and VIIIa facilitated by cofactor protein S is responsible for APC's anticoagulant effects, whereas cytoprotective effects of APC involve primarily the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), protease activated receptor (PAR)1 and PAR3. OBJECTIVE: To date, several binding exosites in the protease domain of APC have been identified that contribute to APC's interaction with its substrates but potential contributions of the C-terminus of the light chain have not been studied in detail. METHODS: Site-directed Ala-scanning mutagenesis of six positively charged residues within G142-L155 was used to characterize their contributions to APC's anticoagulant and cytoprotective activities. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: K151 was involved in protein S dependent-anticoagulant activity of APC with some contribution of K150. 3D structural analysis supported that these two residues were exposed in an extended protein S binding site on one face of APC. Both K150 and K151 were important for PAR1 and PAR3 cleavage by APC, suggesting that this region may also mediate interactions with PARs. Accordingly, APC's cytoprotective activity as determined by endothelial barrier protection was impaired by Ala substitutions of these residues. Thus, both K150 and K151 are involved in APC's anticoagulant and cytoprotective activities. The differential contribution of K150 relative to K151 for protein S-dependent anticoagulant activity and PAR cleavage highlights that binding exosites for protein S binding and for PAR cleavage in the C-terminal region of APC's light chain overlap.