A Comprehensive Framework for Differentiating Autism Spectrum Disorder from Neurotypicals by Fusing Structural MRI and Resting State Functional MRI

Abstract Autism spectrum disorder is a neuro-developmental disorder characterized by impaired social abilities and communication difficulties. The golden standard for autism diagnosis in research rely on behavioral features, e.g., the autism diagnosis observation schedule (ADOS), the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R). In this study we introduce a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system that uses features from structural MRI (sMRI) and resting state functional MRI (fMRI) to help predict an autism diagnosis by clinicans. The proposed system is capable of parcellating brain regions to show which areas are most likely affected by autism related abnormalities and thus help in targeting potential therapeutic interventions. When tested on 18 data sets (n = 1060) from the ABIDE consortium, our system was able to achieve high accuracy (sMRI 0.75-1.00; fMRI 0.79-1.00), sensitivity (sMRI 0.73-1.00; fMRI 0.78- 1.00), and specificity (sMRI 0.78-1.00; fMRI 0.79-1.00). The proposed system could be considered an important step towards helping physicians interpret results of neuroimaging studies and personalize treatment options. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to combine features from structural and functional MRI, use them for personalized diagnosis and achieve high accuracies on a relatively large population.