DPD epitope‐specific glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65 autoantibodies in children with Type 1 diabetes

Aim To study whether DPD epitope-specific glutamate decarboxylase autoantibodies are found more frequently in children with milder forms of Type 1 diabetes. Methods We prospectively evaluated 75 children with new-onset autoimmune Type 1 diabetes, in whom we collected demographic, anthropometric and clinical data and measured islet autoantibodies. Glutamate decarboxylase 65 autoantibody-positive samples were analysed for epitope specificities using recombinant Fab against the DPD-defined epitope of glutamate decarboxylase 65. Results After adjustment for age, positive DPD epitope recognition was significantly associated with higher C-peptide levels at onset (P = 0.02, r2=0.21, n = 35), and high DPD recognition in the highest quartile tended to be associated with HbA1c ≤ 53 mmol/mol (7%) at the last follow-up [mean (sd) follow-up 1.3 (0.4) years; P = 0.07; for the model, P = 0.044, n = 30)]. Age- and sex-adjusted BMI percentile was significantly correlated with recognition of the DPD-defined epitope (P < 0.03, r2=0.14, n = 34), but this correlation was driven by the older age group (age ≥ 10 years; P = 0.016, r2=0.27, n = 21) and was not significant in younger children (P = 0.93, n = 13). There were no independent associations with sex, race/ethnicity, diabetic ketoacidosis, HbA1c, HLA DR3-DQ2/DR4-DQ8 or autoantibody number. Conclusions Our findings suggest that recognition of the DPD-defined glutamate decarboxylase 65 autoantibody epitope at Type 1 diabetes onset is directly associated with β-cell function, BMI and age, which supports the hypothesis that immunological factors contribute to the clinical heterogeneity of Type 1 diabetes. Larger studies relating epitope-specific glutamate decarboxylase 65 autoantibody to clinical phenotype in children with Type 1 diabetes are warranted.