Persistent Inflammation, Stem Cell–Induced Systemic Anti‐Inflammatory Effects, and Need for Repeated Stem Cell Injections: Critical Concepts Influencing Optimal Stem Cell Strategies for Treating Acute Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure

The therapeutic potential of stem cell treatment for patients with either acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or heart failure (HF) began >15 years ago. Many preclinical studies have been published demonstrating stem cell administration improves myocardial function in animal models of AMI and of HF.