The Kumaun and Garwhal Lesser Himalaya, India. Part 2: Thermal and deformation histories

An integrated petrologic, thermochronologic, and numerical modeling study constrains the thermal evolution of the Lesser Himalayan Sequence in the Kumaun and Garwhal regions of India. South of the Tons thrust, peak metamorphic temperatures do not exceed 330 °C. On the northern side, a transition toward higher temperatures adjacent to the Main Central thrust hanging wall is documented. In the immediate footwall of the Main Central thrust, peak temperatures average ~550 °C. An inverted thermal field gradient of ~30 °C/km beneath the Vaikrita thrust is calculated. An inverted thermal field gradient of ~20 °C/km is also documented beneath a klippe of the Main Central thrust hanging wall ~25 km south of the Vaikrita thrust, and a peak footwall temperature of 530 °C is recorded close to the shear zone at the base of the klippe. The mechanism for thermal metamorphism in the Lesser Himalayan Sequence is interpreted to be conduction of heat from the Main Central thrust fault and/or hanging wall to the footwall. A localized thermal field gradient is also associated with the Tons thrust. The ^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar thermochronology reveals that the exposed rock in the Kumaun and Garwhal Lesser Himalaya underwent cooling below the closure temperature (Tc) for white mica at different times in the late Tertiary. The proximal footwall of the Munsiari thrust experienced cooling below the white mica Tc at ca. 8.5 Ma. South of the Munsiari thrust, in the proximal footwalls of the Chaukori and Askot klippen, muscovites ages are ca. 11.5 Ma, ~3 Ma older than samples to the north. The age differences in samples from northern and southern exposures are interpreted to document cooling related to thermal relaxation following passage of the Main Central thrust hanging wall atop the Lesser Himalayan Sequence. Results of thermal modeling achieve good fits to the data when scenarios involve an early Miocene phase of overthrusting of a hot hanging wall over a downgoing footwall, followed by the initiation of a duplex within Lesser Himalayan Sequence rocks.