Fluoride in Drinking Water: Effect on Liver and Kidney Function

Fluoride is an essential trace element for human beings and animals; however, high level of fluoride in drinking water is harmful to the living system. Chronic fluoride intoxication causes damages to osseous tissue (teeth and bone) and soft tissues (liver, kidney, brain, etc.). Liver and kidney are the target organs markedly attacked by excessive amount of fluoride. High doses of fluoride intake lead to changes of structure, function, and metabolism in liver and kidney.