Uretero-iliac artery fistula: a challenge diagnosis for a life-threatening condition: monocentric experience and review of the literature

Introduction Uretero-iliac artery fistulae (UIAF) are the consequence of chronic inflammatory events that create a fibrous and poorly vascularized uretero-vascular adhesion. They often occur in patients with a history of surgery, pelvic radiotherapy, and chronic ureteral stenting. The presentation is usually massive gross hematuria with acute anemia unto to hemorrhagic shock, representing a life-threatening condition. High mortality rate is reported (7–23%).