Prevalence of pretreatment and acquired HIV-1 mutations associated with resistance to lamivudine or rilpivirine: a systematic review

BACKGROUND: Pretreatment and acquired drug resistance mutations (DRMs) can limit antiretroviral therapy effectiveness. METHODS: We review prevalence of DRMs with resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), focusing on lamivudine and rilpivirine, from 127 articles with >100,000 individuals with HIV-1 infection. RESULTS: Estimated global prevalence of pretreatment resistance to any NRTI was 4% and to any NNRTI was 6%. Most prevalent DRMs resistant to lamivudine or rilpivirine were at positions E138 (4%), V179 (1%) and M184 (1%). Estimated acquired DRM prevalence was 58% for any NRTIs and 67% for any NNRTIs, most frequently at positions M184 (58%) and Y181 (21%). CONCLUSIONS: This review suggests low risk of lamivudine- or rilpivirine-resistant mutations in treatment-naive, HIV-1-infected individuals.