How to Improve Time to Diagnosis in Acute Heart Failure – Clinical Signs and Chest X-ray

: Acute heart failure (AHF) is a leading cause of hospitalisation in developed nations with stubbornly poor outcomes in both the short and long term. Furthermore, alongside an ageing population the incidence continues to increase. Contemporary practice guidelines accordingly emphasise the importance of early recognition of heart failure in the acute setting to facilitate the timely instigation of key investigations, appropriate management and access to specialist care; all of which improve outcome. However, the diagnosis of AHF is often challenging, with no gold standard diagnostic test and presenting clinical features that may be non-specific, particularly in the elderly where they may be atypical, or masked by co-morbidity. This short review explores the main clinical signs and radiographic changes in patients with AHF relevant to clinical practice in accordance with the best available evidence.