Alterations in Multiple Lifestyle Factors in Subjects with the Metabolic Syndrome Independently of Obesity

Abstract Background: Many lifestyle factors have been associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, most of these studies have not considered the potential impact of obesity and have often only investigated one lifestyle factor at the time. We aimed to investigate the interplay between body mass index (BMI) and MetS with respect to multiple lifestyle factors. Methods: BMI and MetS [National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)/Adult Treatment Panel III criteria] were assessed in a sample of 18,880 subjects aged 45–75 years from the population-based EpiHealth study. Participants were categorized into six groups according to BMI category (normal weight/BMI 30 kg/m2) and MetS status (+/−, NCEP criteria). A wide range of lifestyle factors related to physical activity, smoking, alcohol, sleep quality, working conditions, quality of life and stress, and eating patterns were assessed using a questionnaire. Results: Prevalent MetS (23% in the sampl...