Proinflammatory Cytokines Predictors of a Failing Heart

ongestive heart failure (CHF) is a complex clinicalsyndrome characterized by exercise intolerance, fati-gability, dyspnea, and volume retention occurring asa consequence of myocardial injury and subsequent dysfunc-tion. Progression of this disease is thought to be mediated byneurohormones, such as norepinephrine and angiotensin II,by virtue of the toxic effects that they exert on the heart andthe peripheral vasculature.