Metal accumulation in Asiatic clam from the Lower Min River (China) and implications for human health

Considering growing concerns regarding polluted estuaries and their adverse effects on public health, this study aimed to identify concentrations of metal (Zn, Fe, Cr, Ni, Cd, Mn, As, Cu, and Pb) in Asiatic clams sampled along the Lower Min River, China. Multivariate methods were used to identify and apportion pollution sources. Noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic health risk assessments were performed to gauge adverse consumer health effects. Results showed that Cr, Pb, and Zn concentrations were higher than the limits prescribed in Chinese government guidelines. In comparison with concentrations of selected metals in other rivers, Cr, Pb, Zn, and As concentrations in clams were generally higher. Pollution assessment using the metal pollution index showed that sampling sites surrounding developing industrial and residential areas were the most polluted. Principal component analysis indicated significant anthropogenic metal contributions in clams. Health risk assessment indicated significant risk for clam consumers along the Lower Min River in terms of hazard quotient and carcinogenic risk and, thus, clam consumption from the study area should be avoided. The present findings would help in establishing environmental monitoring plans and contribute to preserving public health as well as the development of water conservation strategies to alleviate the metal pollution.