Body mass index and mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure across the world: a global obesity paradox.
2014
Objective To define the relationship between body mass index
(BMI) and mortality in heart failure (HF) across the world and
identify specific groups in whom BMI may differentially mediate
risk. Background Obesity is associated with incident heart
failure (HF), but is paradoxically associated with better
prognosis during chronic HF. Methods We studied 6,142 patients
with acute decompensated HF from 12 prospective observational
cohorts followed across 4 continents. Primary outcome was
all-cause mortality. Cox proportional hazards models and net
reclassification index (NRI) described associations of BMI with
all-cause mortality. Results “Normal” weight patients (BMI
18.5-25 kg/m2) were older with more advanced HF and lower
cardiometabolic risk. Despite worldwide heterogeneity in
clinical features across obesity categories, a higher BMI
remained associated with decreased 30-day and 1-year mortality
(11% decrease at 30 days; 9% decrease at 1 year per 5 kg/m2;
P<0.05), after adjustment for clinical risk. BMI obtained at
index admission provided effective 1-year risk reclassification
beyond current markers of clinical risk (NRI 0.119, P <.001).
Notably, the “protective” association of BMI with mortality was
confined to those with older age (>75; HR=0.82, P=0.006),
decreased cardiac function (ejection fraction < 50%; HR=0.85,
P<.001), non-diabetics (HR=0.86, P<.001), and de novo HF
(HR=0.89, P=0.004). Conclusions A lower BMI is associated with
age, disease severity, and a higher risk of death in ADHF. The
“obesity paradox” is confined to older individuals, decreased
cardiac function, less cardiometabolic illness, and recent
onset HF, suggesting that aging, HF severity/chronicity, and
metabolism may explain the obesity paradox.
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