The Cardioprotective Effects of Late-Phase Remote Preconditioning of Trauma Depends on Neurogenic Pathways and the Activation of PKC and NF-κB (But Not iNOS) in Mice

Background:A superficial abdominal surgical incision elicits cardioprotection against cardiac ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice. This process, called remote preconditioning of trauma (RPCT), has both an early and a late phase. Previous investigations have demonstrated that early RPCT reduces cardiac infarct size by 80% to 85%. We evaluated the cardioprotective and molecular mechanisms of late-phase RPCT in a murine I/R injury model.Methods:Wild-type mice, bradykinin (BK) 2 receptor knockout mice, 3M transgenic mice (nuclear factor κB [NF-κb] repressor inhibitor of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor alpha [IκBα(S32A, S36A, Y42F)]), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) knockout mice were analyzed using a previously established I/R injury model. A noninvasive abdominal surgical incision was made 24 hours prior to I/R injury and the infarct size was determined at 24 hours post-I/R injury.Results:The results indicated that a strong cardioprotective effect...