Thermo- and pH-responsive graphene oxide membranes with tunable nanochannels for water gating and permeability of small molecules

Abstract Smart gating membranes with self-regulating nanopores/nanochannels are highly desirable for water gating and separation of small molecules. Based on the nanochannels in the graphene oxide (GO) membrane, we designed positive thermo- and negative pH-responsive GO/hydrogel composite membranes (GOGMs) through a simple filtration-accumulation of GO sheets and hydrogels. The shape-flabby hydrogels can be perfectly inlaid between two GO sheets by changing their shape, and also act as a bond between GO and substrates. Thermo- and pH-responsive hydrogels embedded between the GO sheets impart adjustable water channels to the GO membrane. The channel tunability of hydrogel-studded GO membrane derives from the size conversion of hydrogel and the constant layer spacing of GO sheets. The hydraulic permeability of GOGMs was explored within the wide pH range of 2–6 and the temperature interval of 20–44 °C. The results revealed that the hydraulic permeability of the GOGMs can be reversibly adjusted with a high thermo- and pH-responsive gating coefficients. The GOGMs with self-regulated channels have various permeability properties for small molecules under different conditions. Moreover, the membrane thickness and the ratio of microgel to GO both have an effect on the water permeation and response performance of the GOGMs. These environmental stimuli-responsive membranes with thermo- and pH-responsive channels has numerous potential for applications in smart gating systems, liquid-based controlled release systems and smart separation systems.