Conversion of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy to Open Cholecystectomy in Acute Cholecystitis: Artificial Neural Networks Improve the Prediction of Conversion

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is now also performed for acute cholecystitis. In the presence of inflammatory conditions, technical diffi- culties leading to conversion to open cholecystectomy may occur and overshadow the advantages of the laparoscopic approach. Factors asso- ciated with these undue events combined with techniques capable of learning from them may help in determining when to completely avoid the laparoscopic procedure. In this study we determined predictors of con- version in acute cholecystitis and tested their predictive ability by means of statistical multivariate analysis and artificial neural networks. Between January 1994 and February 1997, 225 patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. Preoperative and operative data were prospectively collected on standardized forms. The first 180 laparo- scopically approached cases entered the training set, which was learned by both the statistical and the artificial neural networks methods. Con- version was first studied in relation to a set of preoperative data. Predic- tion models were then fitted by both of these methods. The last 45 operated cases, which remained unknown to the learning systems, served for testing the fitted models. The forward stepwise logistic regression technique, the forward stepwise linear discriminant analysis, and the artificial neural networks method enabled positive prediction of conver- sion in 0%, 27%, and 100% of the cases, and a negative prediction in 80%, 85.5%, and 97% respectively, in the training set. A positive prediction of conversion in 0%, 25%, and 67% of the cases, and a negative prediction in 82%, 88%, and 94%, respectively, in the untrained, validation set of patients. An artificial neural networks based model provides a practical tool for the prediction of successful laparoscopic cholecystectomies and their conversion. The high degree of certainty of prediction in untrained cases reveals its potential, and justifies, under appropriate conditions, the complete avoidance of laparoscopy and turning directly to open cholecystectomy.