Three-Dimensional Printing and Tissue Engineering in Orthopaedics.

: Additive manufacturing and three-dimensional printing technology may revolutionize tissue-engineering strategies. Many clinical needs, including multitissue regeneration, remain unmet among patients with orthopaedic conditions. Ongoing research efforts in three-dimensional printing, including cell-containing bioinks for bioprinting, have resulted in acellular and cellular biomaterials that may help regenerate or replace damaged or missing biologic tissues. Recent advances in additive manufacturing aid in the preservation of biologic activity, such as the retention of growth factors, which may affect the delivery of safe, cost-effective, and efficacious bone graft substitutes for orthopaedic patients.