Flow characteristics along and above dimpled surfaces with three different dimple depths within a channel

The effects of dimples in altering time-averaged flow behavior occur mostly within one-half of one dimple print diameter from the surface, and the dimples within the arrays periodically eject a primary vortex pair from each dimple, which exists in conjunction with edge vortex pairs that form along the spanwise edges of staggered dimples regardless of three dimple depths. As the dimple depth increases, deeper dimples eject stronger primary vortex pairs, with hig her levels of turbulence transport due to larger deficits of time-averaged, normalized total pressure and streamw ise velocity as the surfaces with deeper dimples are approached. Primary vortex pair ejection frequencies range about 7–9 Hz, and edge vortex pair oscillation frequencies range about 5–7 Hz forR eH =20,000, regardless of dimple depths.