Comparisons of affinities, avidities, and complement activation of adalimumab, infliximab, and etanercept in binding to soluble and membrane tumor necrosis factor

Abstract The TNF antagonists adalimumab, infliximab, and etanercept are effective treatments for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriasis, but only adalimumab and infliximab have been found to be efficacious in Crohn's disease. The present studies evaluated the TNF-binding and complement-activating properties of adalimumab, infliximab, and etanercept to determine whether these properties may explain differences in their clinical efficacy profiles. Association and dissociation rates of binding to soluble TNF were measured by surface plasmon resonance, and were found to be similar for adalimumab, infliximab, and etanercept, as were their calculated binding affinities. Avidity of binding to soluble TNF, measured by KinExA ® technology, was 10- to 20-fold greater for soluble etanercept ( K D  = 0.4 picomolars [pM]) than for soluble adalimumab or infliximab ( K D  = 8.6 and 4.2 pM, respectively). 125 I-adalimumab, -infliximab, and -etanercept bound to membrane TNF (mTNF) on mTNF-transfected cells with similar affinities ( K D  = 483, 468, and 445 pM, respectively) that were each lower than for soluble TNF. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) was induced in mTNF-transfected cells by adalimumab and infliximab, but was not induced in activated normal human PBMC by any of the 3 agents. In conclusion, the binding properties of adalimumab, infliximab, and etanercept were similar for soluble TNF, and very similar for mTNF, yet none of the 3 was able to induce CDC in activated PBMC. These results suggest that the different clinical efficacy profiles of these agents are not explained by differences in either TNF-intrinsic binding properties or complement lysis.