Paradoxical Brain Embolism, Not Only From a Patent Foramen Ovale

We read with interest an article by Kijima et al. [(1)][1], which highlights the fact that not only a patent foramen ovale (PFO) can be responsible for a cryptogenic stroke. Right-to-left shunting (RLS) through an PFO is undeniably the major cause of paradoxical embolism. However, rarely, it can