Comparative efficacy of anti-CD40 antibody–mediated costimulation blockade on long-term survival of full-thickness porcine corneal grafts in nonhuman primates

: Porcine corneas may be good substitutes for human corneas in donor shortage. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of an anti-CD40 antibody-based regimen compared with an anti-CD20 antibody-based regimen on the survival of full-thickness corneas in pig-to-rhesus xenotransplant. Thirteen Chinese rhesuses underwent full-thickness corneal xenotransplant. Six were administered anti-CD40 antibody, and the others were administered anti-CD20 antibody, basiliximab, and tacrolimus. Graft survival and changes in lymphocyte, donor-specific and anti-Galα1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAc-R (αGal) antibody, and aqueous complement levels were evaluated. Treatment with the anti-CD40 antibody (>511, >422, >273, >203, >196, 41 days) and anti-CD20 antibody (>470, 297, >260, >210, >184, 134, >97 days) resulted in long-term survival of grafts. In the anti-CD20 group, the number of activated B cells was significantly lower than that in the anti-CD40 group, and the level of aqueous complements at 6 months was significantly higher than the preoperative level. There were no differences in the levels of T cells or donor-specific and anti-αGal antibodies between the 2 groups. In the anti-CD20 group, 3 primates had adverse reactions. In conclusion, both the anti-CD40 antibody- and the anti-CD20 antibody-based protocols were effective for the long-term survival of full-thickness corneal xenografts, but the anti-CD40 antibody-based treatment had fewer adverse effects.