Life-course Implications of Pediatric Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease.

The concept that origins of cardiovascular disease (CVD) begin in childhood is supported by substantial evidence. Prospective studies, beginning in childhood, report associations of childhood obesity, abnormal blood pressure (BP), dyslipidemia, diabetes, and tobacco use with intermediate CVD markers, including left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and vascular stiffness in young adulthood. Trajectory analyses from longitudinal studies describe discrete BP pathways from childhood to young adult status of hypertension and prehypertension. Among individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia, abnormal low-density cholesterol (LDL-c) levels are present in childhood. Some children are at risk for future CVD due to hereditary factors, psychosocial stress, race, low birth weight, or other non-modifiable exposures. Behavioral factors including sub-optimal diet, sedentary activity, and tobacco use in childhood augment risk and can be modified to reduce risk. Pharmacologic treatments are reserved for those at the high levels of the BP and cholesterol distribution and for those with diabetes and additional risk factors.