Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their shortcomings, animal blood a potential source for silver nanoparticles: A review

Abstract In the modern era, nanotechnology and nanoparticles are being emerged very quickly, and have attracted remarkable attention due to their influential biomedical and industrial activities. However, their interaction with the environment and toxicity in terrestrial and aquatic organisms is a matter of intense debate. More detailed knowledge is still required about the toxicity of nanoparticles, their possible uptake mechanisms, and their adverse effects on living organisms. Besides, the chemical synthesis of nanoparticles enhances the adverse effects on the ecosystem and living organisms. One possible way to reduce these adverse effects is the biological-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles with new biological sources instead of plants and microorganisms. Previously, several biological sources including plant extracts, biological wastes, and microorganisms have been used to fabricate nanoparticles. However, these biological sources are accompanied by drawbacks and shortcomings such as sessional availability, reproducibility, and contamination in these sources that minimize their worth to be used for nanoparticle synthesis. Therefore, the present study was aimed to draw attention to the synthesis of stable and well dispersed silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using animal blood serum, which might be a new biological direction to fabricate silver nanoparticles