Application of lasers in the synthesis and processing of two-dimensional quantum materials

Recently, two-dimensional (2D) quantum materials and particularly transition metal dichalcogenides have emerged as an exciting class of atomically thin materials that possess extraordinary optoelectronic and photonic properties. The strong light interactions with these materials not only govern their fascinating behavior but can also be used as versatile synthesis and processing tools to precisely tailor their structures and properties. This review highlights the recent progress in laser-based approaches for synthesis and processing of 2D materials that are often challenging via conventional methods. In the synthesis section, the review covers the pulsed laser deposition as the main growth method due to its ability to form and deliver atoms, clusters, or nanoparticles for the growth of 2D materials and thin films with controlled stoichiometry, number of layers, crystallite size, and growth location. It is also shown that the tunable kinetic energy of the atoms in the laser plume is essential for healing defects and doping of 2D layers. In the processing section, the review highlights the application of lasers in crystallization, sintering, direct writing, thinning, doping, and conversion of 2D materials. The spatial and temporal tunability, controlled energy, and power densities of laser beams enable a broad spectrum of applications in the synthesis and processing of 2D quantum materials that are not accessible by other means.Recently, two-dimensional (2D) quantum materials and particularly transition metal dichalcogenides have emerged as an exciting class of atomically thin materials that possess extraordinary optoelectronic and photonic properties. The strong light interactions with these materials not only govern their fascinating behavior but can also be used as versatile synthesis and processing tools to precisely tailor their structures and properties. This review highlights the recent progress in laser-based approaches for synthesis and processing of 2D materials that are often challenging via conventional methods. In the synthesis section, the review covers the pulsed laser deposition as the main growth method due to its ability to form and deliver atoms, clusters, or nanoparticles for the growth of 2D materials and thin films with controlled stoichiometry, number of layers, crystallite size, and growth location. It is also shown that the tunable kinetic energy of the atoms in the laser plume is essential for healing d...