Reflux nephropathy and the risk of preeclampsia and of other adverse pregnancy-related outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case series and reports in the new millennium

Background Reflux nephropathy is a common urinary tract malformation, and a substantial cause of morbidity in women of childbearing age. While recent studies provide further new information on pregnancy-related outcomes, their results are heterogeneous and a systematic meta-analysis may help the interpretation. The aim of this review was to analyze pregnancy-related outcomes in the recent literature on reflux nephropathy (2000–2016), to perfect the estimation of risks, and to identify specific research needs.