Non-cardiac targets to treat heart failure in children: Anemia, Exercise, Nutrition, Proceedings from the 4th International Conference on Cardiomyopathy in Children, Bethesda, May 17, 2017☆

Abstract Anemia, exercise, and nutrition are areas which have been studied extensively as targets to modify outcomes in adult heart failure. Non cardiac targets to improve heart failure outcomes in children are not well established and clinical trials related to pediatric heart failure have been limited. The purpose of this article is to highlight potential therapeutic targets and outcome measures, specifically related to iron deficiency, exercise training, and malnutrition, that can be considered for research protocol development with clinical implications.