Human viruses and periodontal disease

Periodontitis is a multifactorial, chronic disease followed by destruction of supporting structures of teeth. The main etiological factor for development of periodontitis is oral biofilm containing anaerobic microorganisms. Besides bacteria, viruses can also be present within periodontal pockets. The role of viruses is significant, as they may induce abnormalities in the adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and bactericidal activities of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Associated with one another, viruses and bacteria have stronger periodontopathogenic potential than individually. The synergism between periodontopathogenic bacteria, Epstein-Barr virus, and Cytomegalovirus stands out. For full understanding of the pathogenesis of periodontitis, it is significant to know all etiologic factors and host immune response; such an understanding should also guide the adequate treatment of this disease.