Risk factors for contrast induced nephropathy

The specialty of interventional neuroradiology has expanded enormously over the last few years and in addition to treating intracranial aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and dural fistulae, there is increasing involvement in the embolization of tumours and the treatment of vasospasm and stroke. An appreciation of the physiological requirements and potential problems relating to each individual procedure permits the close cooperation between anaesthetist and radiologist that is essential in order to provide the optimum working conditions. This attention to detail must extend into the post-procedural period when the patients should be recovered in an environment where close attention to neurological examination and the recognition of potentially subtle changes warranting action must be appreciated.